Flies, ticks, mosquitos and midges pose a threat to livestock, domestic animals and humans having the potential to transmit bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan and nematode infections as well as contributing to weight and milk loss in livestock. Intensive animal breeding and rearing operations including dairies, poultry houses, piggeries and feedlots are at greater risk due to the large concentration of confined animals and substantial fly breeding material (manure) they produce and to a lesser degree horse stud farms and stables. These operations are particularly susceptible to flies and the diseases they transmit.